Harold D. Lasswell. Propaganda Technique in the World War (1927).
Book | 01, 06, 13 |
Edward L. Bernays. Propaganda (1928).
Book | 01, 02 |
Walter Lippmann. Public Opinion (1922).
Book | 01, 02 |
Jacques Ellul. Propaganda: The Formation of Men’s Attitudes (1962).
Book | 01, 11 |
Garth Jowett and Victoria O’Donnell. What Is Propaganda, and How Does It Differ From Persuasion? (2018).
Book chapter | 01 |
Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann. The Spiral of Silence (1974).
Theory summary | 02 |
Garth Jowett and Victoria O’Donnell. How to Analyze Propaganda (2018).
Book chapter | 02, 16 |
Institute for Propaganda Analysis. The Seven Propaganda Devices (1937).
Reference | 03 |
J. Michael Sproule. Authorship and Origins of the Seven Propaganda Devices.
Article | 03 |
Institute for Propaganda Analysis. The Seven Devices (teaching notes).
Notes | 03, 12 |
Maxwell McCombs and Donald Shaw. The Agenda-Setting Function of Mass Media (1972).
Article | 04 |
Robert M. Entman. Framing Bias: Media in the Distribution of Power (2007).
Article | 04 |
David H. Weaver. Thoughts on Agenda Setting, Framing, and Priming (2007).
Article | 04 |
Victor Klemperer. LTI: Lingua Tertii Imperii (1947).
Book | 05 |
George Orwell. Politics and the English Language (1946).
Essay | 05 |
Raymond Williams. Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society (1976).
Book | 05 |
William Lutz. Doublespeak (1989).
Book | 05 |
Illusory truth effect (research from 1977).
Reference | 06 |
The Illusory Truth Effect: how repetition increases belief (review, 2023).
Review | 06 |
Aristotle. Rhetoric (4th century BCE).
Primary text | 07 |
Aristotle. Ethos, Pathos, Logos, and Kairos (modes of persuasion).
Reference | 07 |
Kim Witte. The Extended Parallel Process Model (1992; applications review).
Review | 08 |
Sam Keen. Faces of the Enemy (1986).
Book | 08 |
Anne Morelli. The Basic Principles of War Propaganda (2001), after Arthur Ponsonby (1928).
Reference | 08 |
Carl Hovland and Walter Weiss. The Influence of Source Credibility on Communication Effectiveness (1951).
Article | 09 |
The Sleeper Effect (Hovland and colleagues).
Reference | 09 |
Edward Bernays. The Third-Party Technique and Front Groups.
Reference | 09 |
Kenneth Burke. A Rhetoric of Motives (1950).
Book | 10 |
Melanie C. Green and Timothy C. Brock. The Role of Transportation in the Persuasiveness of Public Narratives (2000).
Article | 10 |
Georges Sorel. Reflections on Violence (1908).
Book | 11 |
Roland Barthes. Myth Today, from Mythologies (1957).
Essay | 11 |
Card Stacking and Cherry-Picking (selective omission).
Reference | 12 |
Christopher Paul and Miriam Matthews. The Russian Firehose of Falsehood Propaganda Model (2016).
Report | 12 |
Gary King, Jennifer Pan, and Margaret E. Roberts. Strategic Distraction, Not Engaged Argument (2017).
Article | 12 |
Library of Congress. World War I Posters (collection).
Collection | 13 |
National Archives. Records of the Committee on Public Information (1917–1919).
Federal records guide | 13 |
Richard Dawkins. The Meme, from The Selfish Gene (1976).
Reference | 14 |
Marcus Bösch. TikTok Edits, Vibes, Audio Memes: Participatory Propaganda (2026).
Empirical study | 14 |
Marloes Geboers and Elena Pilipets. Networked Masterplots (2024).
Empirical study | 14 |
James W. Carey. A Cultural Approach to Communication (1975).
Article | 15 |
Library of Congress. Four Minute Men (1917–1918).
Collection essay | 15 |
William J. McGuire. Inoculation Theory (1961).
Reference | 16 |
Jon Roozenbeek and Sander van der Linden. Fake News Game Confers Psychological Resistance (2019).
Article | 16 |
Beth Goldberg and colleagues. A Practical Guide to Prebunking Misinformation (2022).
Guide | 16 |